There are a large number of stone carvings, stone carvings and stone crafts in China. It can be roughly classified according to different application and production methods. Stone carving and stone carving products are generally divided into round carving, relief, sunken carving, wall carving, hollow carving (through carving), line carving, shadow carving, micro-carving and shade carving, Yang carving and other major categories, each with its own characteristics and unique style.
  Stone carving and stone carving products classified according to production methods will be introduced in detail in the fourth section of this chapter, "Stone carving and processing of stone carving crafts".
  Stone carving, stone carving and stone handicraft are widely used. Generally, they are mostly used as decorative works of art. In China, the most commonly used are the following categories:
  I. Appreciating, hanging and collecting stone carvings as handicraft ornaments
  This kind of stone handicraft has been made and used for thousands of years in our country, and it is still a favorite thing. It is mainly made of various kinds of jades and coloured stones, including all kinds of jade ornaments of different times, Taihu Stone, Yuhua Stone, Sanxia Stone and other ornamental stones, as well as various kinds of marble and coloured stone carvings, stone carved vases and other ornaments. From the jade ornaments unearthed in the ruins of Yin Dynasty, the jade carvings unearthed in the mausoleum of Qinhuang Dynasty and the cultural relics buried in various historical stages, there are many stone carvings of this kind of stone craft ornaments, which have lasted to this day. Around the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Wang used Taihu Stone to decorate gardens, parks and courtyards. Now, these are still popular ornamental stones.
  2. Grottoes and Cliff Stone Carvings
  Grottoes and cliff stone carvings began in the late Han Dynasty, flourished in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, flourished in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and continued to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its development is closely related to Buddhist culture. The statues of stone carvings mainly depend on Buddhist figures. Thousands of stone sculptures, shapes and costumes in various Grottoes occupy an important position in the history of culture and art. In the grottoes, there are also many colorful architectural images of stone carvings such as palaces, pagodas, edges, pavilions, beams, arches and algae wells, which reflect the architectural style of the past dynasties. From the 4th century to the 13th century, more than a thousand years ago, grottoes and statues of stone Buddhas were excavated in more than a dozen provinces and autonomous regions throughout the country. They were the only ones in the worlds art history. They were known as "pearls" and "immortal art of all ages". They were huge and amazing art museums with brilliant splendor.
  Among the grottoes and cliff carvings, Dunhuang Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes and Dazu Grottoes in the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties are the most representative and well-known ones. Other Grottoes include the Leshan Stone Carving Buddha in Sichuan, the Anxi Yulin Grottoes in the Northern Wei and Gansu Provinces, the Tianshui Maiji Grottoes, Qingyang Grottoes, Bingling Temple Grottoes, the Xiangtang Grottoes in Handan, Hebei Province, the Tangxia Xumi Grottoes in the Tang Dynasty, the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Qianfo Cave of Kirgiz in Xinjiang Baicheng, the cliff and Qianfo carvings of Huangze Temple in Guangyuan, Sichuan, Tang Dynasty, the Xihu Grottoes in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in Song Dynasty, and the Shizhongshan Grottoes in Jianchuan, Dali, Yunnan Province are also famous. Grotto cliff stone carvings are usually carved on the walls of sandstone or limestone.
  3. Cemetery Stone Carvings
  Mausoleum stone carvings are a large type of Chinese stone carvings with a long history and a large scale. Mausoleum stone carvings are the main type, as well as stone carvings such as sarcophagus, portrait stone and tomb sacrificial utensils. The stone statues of various officials, generals, ladies, waiters and other figures and stone horses, stone images, stone camels and various stone animals, stone birds, stone rabbits are vivid, lifelike and vibrant. Many of them are rare. Artistic masterpieces of stone carving and stone carving, such as the Mata Hun Tomb carving of Huo Qubings Tomb in the Western Han Dynasty, the portrait carving of Dongwu Tomb Group in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Guo Tomb Stone Temple in Xiaotang Mountain in Changqing County, the "Sanbaili Stone Carving Museum" of the Eighteen Mausoleums in the Tang Dynasty in Weihe and Hebei Province, the stone carving of Chengdu Kings Tomb in Sichuan Province in the Five Dynasties, the stone carving of Yuefei Tomb in the The stone carvings of Shendao and Digong in Ming Tombs in Beijing, Dongling Tomb in Zunhua, Hebei and Xiling Tomb in Yixian, and the stone carvings of Confucius Tomb in Qufu, Shandong Province from Jin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, and Zhongshan Tomb in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province in modern times. These stone carvings and stone carvings are the national key protected cultural relics, most of which are marble carvings.
  For example, Yuling Stone Statue Road and Ming Xiaoling Stone Statue Road are located in Malanyu, Zunhua County, Hebei Province.
  4. Palaces, houses and garden stone carvings
  Stone carvings and stone carvings can be seen everywhere in palaces, government offices, houses and gardens of royal families and kindreds in past dynasties. The ancient buildings are very large and magnificent, with exquisite sculpture skills. They are a huge treasure house of Chinese culture and art and a national key protected cultural relic. Among them, the famous stone carvings are Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty, Confucian Palace in Jin Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, Palace of Ming and Qing Dynasty, Beihai and Yuanmingyuan, Potala Palace, Shenyang Palace, Summer Palace, Summer Resort, Gongwangfu Garden and Yuanmingyuan Stone Carvings.
  In this kind of building stone carving, stone pillars and foundation railings are mostly carved. Dragon carving is the most distinctive, such as stone carved pan-long pillars, imperial road of the Palace Museum, and so on. Generally, it is built by marble carving. The remains of the Dashuifa stone carvings and the immortal dew stone carvings at the Yuanmingyuan site in Beijing.
  Fifth, stone carvings such as temples, temples and altars are widely distributed in China, with a large number and a long history. There are many famous stone carvings and stone carvings. For example, marble carvings of Chongsheng Temple from Tang Dynasty to Five Dynasties, Han Baiyu Jing Building of Tang Dynasty actual temple and Han Baiyu carvings of Laojun Temple in Huaqing government, Jin Temple in Song Dynasty, Confucian Temple carvings from Jin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Suzhou Wenmiao carvings in Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty.